Three tools can be used in OpticStudio sequential mode to model Gaussian beam propagation. They are:

• the ray-based approach
• Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis
• Physical Optics Propagation

In this series of three articles, we’ll discuss how to set up a Gaussian laser source, how to analyze the beam as it propagates through the optical system, and how to optimize for the smallest spot size using these three methods. We’ll also discuss when is appropriate to use which methods.

This article is part 2 of the series focusing on how to use the Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis tool to model Gaussian beam.

Authored By Hui Chen

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Introduction

OpticStudio Sequential Mode provides three tools to model Gaussian beam propagation: ray-based approach, Paraxial Gaussian Beam, and Physical Optics Propagation (POP). The ray based approach models beam propagation using geometrical ray tracing. Paraxial Gaussian Beam models Gaussian beam and reports various beam data, including beam size and waist location as it propagates through a paraxial optical system, while POP models laser beam by propagating a coherent wavefront, which allows very detailed study of arbitrary coherent optical beams. This series of three Knowledgebase articles discuss how to model Gaussian beam using these three methods. In this article we’ll introduce method 2 - how to model laser beam propagation using Paraxial Gaussian Beam.

Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis

You can find the tool at Analyze...Lasers and Fibers...Gaussian Beams…Paraxial Gaussian Beam. The Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis is an interactive feature that works as a “calculator” that quickly computes Gaussian beam characteristics.This feature computes ideal and mixed mode Gaussian beam data as a given input beam propagates through the lens system. It requires the definition of the initial input embedded beam properties and its M2 value. The advantage is it allows you to enter both ideal and mixed mode (M2>1) Gaussian beam and displays beam data as it propagates surface by surface in your optical system. The limit is that the calculation of Gaussian beam parameters is based upon paraxial ray data, therefore the results may not be accurate for systems which have large aberrations, or those cannot be described by paraxial optics, such as non-rotationally symmetric systems. This feature also ignores all apertures, and assumes the Gaussian beam propagates well within the apertures of all the lenses in the system.

• The input embedded beam is defined by its Wavelength, Waist Size (radius), and waist locationd which is specificed using the distance between the beam waist location and surface 1 in the system.
• M2 Factor. The ideal M2 value is unity, but real lasers will always have an M2 value greater than unity.

OpticStudio then propagates this embedded beam through the lens system, and at each surface the beam data, including beam size, beam divergence, and waist locations, is computed and displayed in the output window. OpticStudio computes the Gaussian beam parameters for both X and Y orientations.

Example

We’ll tackle the same problem as described in part 1, design a laser beam focusing system using a singlet lens.

The specifications are the same:

• Nominal Wavelength = 355 nm
• Measured 5 mm from laser output:
  • Beam diameter = 2 mm 
  • Measured divergence = 9 mrad

Knowing the wavelength and the far field divergence angle, using equations (1) through (3), the beam waist is calculated to be 0.0125 mm, with a Rayleigh range of 1.383 mm. We will model this system using Paraxial Gaussian beam analysis tool so that the beam spot is the smallest at 100 mm away from the laser output.    

The starting system is very similar to that of the ray-based approach. The only difference is that Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis does not allow beam to be launched at Object surface 0. Therefore, a dummy surface needs to be inserted after the Object. The Object thickness is set to 0 so the dummy surface is co-located with the object and the beam will be launched from this dummy surface instead. To start we will enter 100 mm as the thickness on the dummy surface and set it as a variable for optimization. Instead of looking at the beam divergence angle, we’ll look at the beam size.

The operand GBPS returns paraxial Gaussian beam size, computed by the Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis tool. In the Merit Function Editor, we’ll enter one line using GBPS as shown below. The current beam size (radius) at the Stop surface is 0.949 mm. This file “2_PGB start_1.zar” can be found in the Download section.

Our target beam radius at surface 3 should be 1 mm based on the measurement data. This suggests the first guess of 100 mm separation between the beam launch (surface 1) and the laser output (surface 2) is off. Through optimization OpticStudio can find the proper beam launch location so the beam diameter is 2 mm as measured on Stop surface 3.

After a quick optimization, OpticStudio finds a new beam launch position that’s 105.611 mm to the left of surface 2 laser output. This will be our new beam launch location. If you recall in the previous section where we used ray approach to find the beam waist location, the value returned was 106.108 mm in front of the laser output. This small discrepancy is expected, because these two analysis tools use different computational method. This file “2_PGB start_2.zar” can be found in the Download section.

Next, we will optimize the singlet lens to focus the beam to the smallest beam size at 100 mm from the laser output.

• Change the Solve Type on surface 1 Thickness from Variable to Fixed.
• Set the Solve Type of the front and back radii of the singlet to Variable.
• In the Merit function editor, change the GBPS operand parameters to return the paraxial Gaussian beam size at the image plane by setting the Surf to 6 the image plane.
• Set the Target to 0 to minimize the beam radius.
• Set the Weight to 1.0. The current beam size at the image plane is calculated to be 1.849 mm.

This is the file “2_PGB start_3.zar” in the Download section.

After optimization, the smallest paraxial Gaussian beam size is calculated to be 9.369 µm (this is a more accurate value for the focused beam size at the waist than the geometric ray trace values calculated in the Spot Diagram in part 1 of this series). This is the file “2_PGB optimized.zar” found in the Download section.

The Paraxial Gaussian Beam analysis is an interactive feature that works as a “calculator” to quickly computes Gaussian beam characteristics, allowing you to enter both ideal and mixed mode (M2>1) Gaussian beam and displays beam data as it propagates surface by surface in your optical system. The limit is that calculation of Gaussian beam parameters is based upon paraxial ray data, so the results may not be accurate for systems with large aberrations, or those cannot be described by paraxial optics, such as non-rotationally symmetric systems. This feature also ignores all apertures, and assumes the Gaussian beam propagates well within the apertures of all the lenses in the system.

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